Virial Ratio: -- | Inertia Trace: -- | System Energy: --

Three-Body Dynamics

Steering by the Shadow of Chaos

The three-body problem is famously intractable. Sundog asks a smaller question: when instability casts a local shadow, can a controller use that signal before reconstructing the full state?

Simulation Controls

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Observation Mode

When enabled, signatures are computed from local measurements only (test particle perspective).

Phase 3: Controller

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2.0

Signatures

Initial Conditions

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The Experiment

This browser-based visualization demonstrates the restricted three-body problem in real time. Two massive bodies (gold and blue) orbit their common center of mass, while a third test particle (white) moves in their gravitational field.

The general spatial three-body state is 18-dimensional: three position vectors, three velocity vectors. This browser prototype uses a planar 12D visualization, but the question is the same: many practical questions about three-body dynamics don't require tracking the full state at every instant. They require detecting signatures of dynamically important events: near-collisions, ejections, resonance capture, stability transitions.

Claim Boundary

Sundog does not solve the three-body problem. It asks whether the shadow of that chaos is enough to steer by. The current result is bounded: a guarded accelerometer-proxy TRACK controller improves survival over passive and naive local baselines in a robust high-velocity near-escape operating pocket, while low-velocity and equal-mass boundary cells still show harms.

Phase 2 Status: The sensor-limited view separates privileged diagnostics from local proxy signals. In the browser, tidal gradients are computed as simulated local probe samples; this models what an accelerometer array or small maneuver experiment would estimate, but it is not yet a hardware-valid sensor demonstration.

Later-trials status: During our later trials, guard-quantile, outside-pocket, and comparison sweeps tested the earlier pocket. The pocket survives quantiles 0.5, 0.75, and 0.9; lower velocities and equal-mass boundary cells remain the first regions where the controller should not be used.

Locked pocket 24-seed near-escape map: 41 promising cells, 7 mixed cells, 1 negative cell.
Hazard gates During our later trials, the guard sweep covered 300 candidate rows of 588 across quantiles 0.5, 0.75, and 0.9.
Comparison slate In the favorable pocket, guarded TRACK produced 81 candidate rows of 81; naive local control produced none.

Adjust the initial conditions using the controls on the right and watch how the indirect signatures respond. The goal is to identify signatures that forecast useful events: escape, close approach, hierarchy break, or transition into chaotic scattering.

Indirect Signatures

Virial Ratio

V = 2T / |W|

The ratio of kinetic to potential energy. For a bound system this oscillates around 1. When it persistently exceeds 1, the system is unbound or about to eject. This single scalar compresses all 18 dimensions into a stability diagnostic.

Inertia Tensor

I = Σ mᵢ(rᵢ · rᵢ δⱼₖ - rᵢⱼ rᵢₖ)

A 3×3 matrix (or its scalar trace) compressing the 9D positional configuration. When a system undergoes a close encounter or ejection, the eigenvalue spectrum changes character before the event resolves.

System Energy

E = T + W

Total energy (kinetic + potential) of the three-body system. In the absence of external forces, energy is conserved. Tracking energy helps verify integration accuracy and detect numerical drift.

Pairwise Energies

Eᵢⱼ = ½μᵢⱼv²ᵢⱼ - Gmᵢmⱼ/rᵢⱼ

Planned diagnostic: for each of the three pairs, compute the two-body energy in their center-of-mass frame. In a stable hierarchical triple, one pair's energy is deeply negative (inner binary) and one is weakly negative (outer orbit). When these approach each other, the hierarchy is breaking.

Tidal Tensor (Phase 2)

Tᵢⱼ = ∂²Φ/∂xᵢ∂xⱼ ≈ Δaᵢ/Δxⱼ

Local proxy signal: The test particle estimates the gravitational field gradient by comparing its acceleration with nearby probe samples. In this prototype those samples are simulated; in a physical sensor model they would require an accelerometer array, small probe maneuvers, or a learned local field approximation. High tidal magnitude indicates proximity to massive bodies or strong field gradients.

Catalog sidecar — 21 + 4 choreographies

A separate strand of the three-body work asks a literature-count question, not a controller question. Li & Liao (2025) report 10,059 three-dimensional periodic orbits of the general three-body problem; in the equal-mass slice they identify 21 "choreographies" — orbits where all three bodies follow a single closed trajectory, the same wire. Our gauge-invariant σ₃ detector, run blind against their supplementary table, accepts 25. The difference is one SO(3) rotation angle: 4 of the 25 are rotating relatives, where σ₃·X equals X up to a global 2π/3 turn per period. The slider below shows the separator collapsing the 25 to the catalog's 21.

τ = 1.0 × 10⁻⁶ rad
10⁻⁹ 10⁻⁶ 10⁻³ 1 2π/3
21 strict single-curve
(rotation < τ)
4 relative, 2π/3 rotation
(rotation ≥ τ)

What this is — and what it is not

The σ₃ workbench recovered the 21 strict choreographies from the catalog and cleanly split off 4 rotating relatives. That is a detector and literature-count reconciliation: 25 gauge-invariant = 21 strict + 4 relative, separated by 8 orders of magnitude in the rotation-angle metric the gate already computes. The four relatives sit outside the catalog's "single closed inertial-frame trajectory" convention — they are not literature errors.

It is not theorem evidence for Sundog. The v0.2 daughter-count test that would have used this catalog was retired at its cheap precheck (K1), when the prediction reduced to the equivariance-only null (Kfacet = 0). Kfacet = 0 does not mean "no piano-trios exist"; it means the proposed static operator could not distinguish the Sundog claim from generic equivariant bifurcation. A v0.3 derivation is in flight and remains paper-only.

Sources and receipts
  • X. Li and S. Liao, "Discovery of 10,059 new three-dimensional periodic orbits of general three-body problem," arXiv:2508.08568 (2025) — source catalog (supplementary-A: 10,059 orbits across m₃ = 0.1·n for 1 ≤ n ≤ 20; supplementary-B: 273 piano-trios).
  • X. Li, X. Li, S. Liao, "One family of 13315 stable periodic orbits of non-hierarchical unequal-mass triple systems," arXiv:2007.10184 (2021) — the planar non-hierarchical-triples family whose stability map first read to us like a doctor's-office wire-bead toy.
  • numericaltank.sjtu.edu.cn/three-body — the Li & Liao project page with the full catalog and GIF galleries.
  • docs/sundog_v_isotrophy.md — the Sundog-vs-isotropy test plan, with the v0.2 retirement and v0.3 derivation log.
  • Detector receipt driving the slider above: results/isotrophy/m3eq1-sigma3-precondition-fixed-inverse-orientation-25/residuals.csv (25 rows, with the rotation-angle column read into data-rotation-rad on each panel).
  • Bead-maze renderer: scripts/isotrophy_bead_maze.py (integrates orbits via isotrophy_workbench.py); annotator: scripts/isotrophy_bead_maze_annotate.py.